Nationalism in the colonized world. In colonized regions of the world, nationalist leaders began to challenge European control, many inspired by the liberal democratic traditions of Europe and the US, some inspired by communism and fascism. World War I destroyed the empires of Germany, Austria, and Ottoman Turkey. Germany’s colonies and Ottoman territory in the Middle East were taken over by France and Britain as “mandates” or “trusteeships” theoretically under the League of Nations. (The German colony of Southwest Africa was turned over to South Africa as a mandate.) Consequently, the British and French empires not only survived the war but became even bigger. However, Turkey, the heartland of the former Ottoman empire, emerged from the war as an independent state under the leadership of Mustafa Kemal Ataturk.
Nevertheless, nationalist movements for reform and independence began to come together in the colonies. In India, the Indian National Congress, first established in 1885, became a powerful supporter of independence. In Mohandas Gandhi (1869-1948) it found an inspirational and creative leader. His non-violent protests against British rule played a crucial role in achieving independence in 1947. In parts of Africa, too, new educated leaders, including Kwame Nkrumah, Leopold Senghor, and Julius Nyerere, emerged, and in the aftermath of World War II they began to demand total independence. In China and Vietnam the anti-imperial rhetoric of Soviet communism provided the inspiration for the nationalist leaders Mao Zedong and Ho Chi Minh. In all those regions, intellectuals, artists, and politicians wrestled with the fundamental fact that the modern revolution had arrived in the form of European colonialism, unfavorable trade relations, and European ideas of progress. These women and men were determined to advance modern technology, science, and political organization but equally set on finding ways to do it that were true to their own national traditions and aspirations.
植民地世界のナショナリズム
世界の植民地化された地域では、民族主義の指導者たちは、ヨーロッパや米国の自由民主主義の伝統に触発されたものが多いが、中には共産主義とファシズムに触発されたものもある。第一次世界大戦は、ドイツ、オーストリア、オスマントルコの帝国を破壊した。中東のドイツの植民地とオスマン帝国領土は、国連の下で理論的に「義務」または「信託管理」としてフランスと英国に引き継がれました。 （南西アフリカのドイツ植民地は、南アフリカへ委任された）。結果的に、英国とフランスの帝国は戦争で生き残ったばかりでなく、さらに大きくなった。しかし、旧オスマントルコ帝国の中心であったトルコはムスタファ・ケマル・アタテュルクのリーダーシップの下、独立国家として戦争から浮上した。Mustafa Kemal Ataturk (1881-1938), the Turkish military officer who led Turkey to independence in 1921.
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それにもかかわらず、改革と独立のための民族主義運動は植民地に集結し始めた。インドでは、1885年に初めて設立されたインド全国大会が、独立の強力な支持者となった。 Mohandas Gandhi（1869-1948）は、インスピレーションを得て創造的なリーダー像を見つけました。彼のイギリス統治に対する非暴力的な抗議行動は、1947年に独立を達成する上で決定的に重要な役割を果たした。アフリカの一部でも、クウェム・ネクローマ、レオポルド・サンゴール、ジュリアス・ニーレレを含む教育を受けた新しい指導者が出現し、彼らは完全な独立を求めるようになった。中国とベトナムでは、ソビエト共産主義の反帝国のレトリックが、国家主義者の毛沢東とホーチミンにインスピレーションを与えた。これらの地域では、知識人、芸術家、政治家は、近代革命がヨーロッパの植民地主義、不利な貿易関係、進歩の欧州のアイデアの形で到来したという根本的な事実と闘った。これらの女性と男性（女性もという強調か？）は、現代の技術、科学、政治組織を進歩させることを決心しましたが、それを自分の国の伝統や願望に合った方法を見つけることにも同様に取り組んでいました。
Nevertheless, nationalist movements for reform and independence began to come together in the colonies. In India, the Indian National Congress, first established in 1885, became a powerful supporter of independence. In Mohandas Gandhi (1869-1948) it found an inspirational and creative leader. His non-violent protests against British rule played a crucial role in achieving independence in 1947. In parts of Africa, too, new educated leaders, including Kwame Nkrumah, Leopold Senghor, and Julius Nyerere, emerged, and in the aftermath of World War II they began to demand total independence. In China and Vietnam the anti-imperial rhetoric of Soviet communism provided the inspiration for the nationalist leaders Mao Zedong and Ho Chi Minh. In all those regions, intellectuals, artists, and politicians wrestled with the fundamental fact that the modern revolution had arrived in the form of European colonialism, unfavorable trade relations, and European ideas of progress. These women and men were determined to advance modern technology, science, and political organization but equally set on finding ways to do it that were true to their own national traditions and aspirations
